Flora of the Meadows of Tahquitz Valley,
San Jacinto Mountains

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Introduction
Analysis and Numerology of Taxa Found in the Tahquitz Valley Meadows
Plant Checklist
References

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Introduction

This is just a start at this page, which will be expanded with photographs and references in the future

The Meadows are one of the major delights of Tahquitz Valley, providing large open areas filled with plants, insects, birds and occasionally deer, and in summer providing a mass of greenery and flowers unrivaled almost anyplace else in Tahquitz Valley.

Meadows in general are areas with a high groundwater level, high enough so that water is essentially at the soil surface in places for at least several months per year. That high groundwater level prevents shrubs and trees from becoming established, and provides the perfect habitat for mostly-perennial herbaceous species that love to have their roots in water most of the growing season. Since these species transpire much less water than a shrub or a tree, this is a positive feedback loop that keeps the groundwater level high in the meadows.

In Tahquitz Valley, with one exception, the meadows are found in the flatter areas of the drainages below the ridges that ring the Valley. In and above the meadows, snow accumulates to great depths during the winter. The snow melt, both flowing above ground and in groundwater, converges on the areas of the meadows, where the water is concentrated enough that the groundwater level comes to the surface. The flatter areas where the meadows are formed allow the groundwater to flow slowly enough away from the meadows to keep the groundwater level high for at least several months. The slower-flowing water in the meadows forms part of another positive feedback loop, that allows soil to accumulate, making the area flatter.

The one exception is Reeds Meadow, which is found in a flatter area where the drainages from three other Tahquitz Valley Meadows converge, again resulting in a high groundwater level.

Unfortunately, these meadows are being rapidly destroyed by a period of rapid erosion that has occurred in the last 100 years due to heavy cattle grazing. This timescale is literally roughly 10,000 times greater than the natural time scale for the destruction of these meadows.

Meadows naturally are destroyed on a geologic time scale of typically millions of years as mountain ranges are uplifted and erosion destroys previously flattish surfaces. In particular, Tahquitz Valley itself is a fairly small remnant surface that is slowly being eroded away on all sides except its north side, due to relative uplift of San Jacinto Mountain in the last 2.6 million years. At the estimated knickpoint migration rate of 12 to 44 km / MY at its edges, Tahquitz Valley will be completely eroded in 0.3-1.0 million years (0.8 mi radius / 12-44 km / MY). The meadows will be gone long before that.

In a wet meadow, the soil is bound tightly by a very dense collection of roots from the perennial species, and shielded from intense rainfall by the dense above-ground vegetation. Heavy cattle grazing affects both; cattle eat the dense above-ground vegetation, exposing the soil, and their trampling destroys the binding of the soil. When heavy rains come in summer thunderstorms, the loose soil is then carried away. The additional soil in the runoff water enhances the erosion force, carving gullies. This creates a feedback loop that operates in a destructive manner. As the first tiny gully is formed, it gives more erosive power to the water runoff, which rapidly deepens the gully with every heavy rain. Within a time scale of decades, deep gullies are formed, which then begin to drain the high groundwater table of the meadow, destroying them as wet meadows. This gullification has happened in many environments throughout the west that have been subjected to heavy grazing, and has been well documented, often through historical photographs.

Little Tahquitz Meadow has already been completely destroyed by creek incision. Tahquitz Creek is incised by (six?) feet there now, which has completely drained the meadow. There is no wet meadow left above the banks of Tahquitz Creek. The former meadow area is still evident, but it is essentially a monoculture of wild tarragon, Artemisia dracunculus, and may soon revert to being a forest. The flora of Little Tahquitz Meadow very clearly shows what has happened; it is very depauperate compared to the other meadows (see analysis below). The only wet areas remaining are those within the banks of Tahquitz Creek little different from a number of areas along the Creek in areas where its bank is forested.

Reeds Meadow is a meadow that is in the process of being destroyed. Most of the area of Reeds Meadow is no longer a wet meadow. However, due to its special location at the convergence of the drainages from three other meadow areas, its total destruction has been delayed. The incised Tahquitz Creek is along only one edge of it, removing only one of its former sources of groundwater and providing only one edge to drain the meadow. As a result, the drying of Reeds Meadow has happened so recently that one can still observe two former meadow levels, one of which still has a few intact giant root mounds of the main meadow sedge, Carex senta. These giant root mounds will be gone within a decade or so.

Both Tahquitz Meadow and Skunk Cabbage Meadow have had smaller drying, but the creeks in those meadows are incised, and the groundwater level, and the soil surface itself, is significantly lower in portions of those meadows. The meadows themselves have lost several feet of soil on average, as can be immediately discovered by walking across the meadows. The Carex senta roots now are one to two feet above the surrounding soil surface. This makes for a hazardous walk across the meadow since the leaves cover both the root balls and the deep gaps between the plants, hiding the topography. Since these plants didn't originally have their roots two feet up in the air, the surrounding soil surface has been lost in the time since these plants were established. The days of these meadows are also numbered unless measures are taken to reverse the creek incision.

Due primarily to its location 1,000 feet above the other meadows, Wellman Cienega is the most intact meadow, with creek incision still below the bottom of the meadow. But the creek incision is inexorably working its way upstream. It remains to be seen how much damage will be caused to Wellman Cienega when the new equilibrium creek profile is reached.

Similar erosion was poised to destroy Round Valley Meadow, in an older remnant surface above and to the north of Tahquitz Valley. Fortunately, the State Park took action in 2010 to preserve the Meadow. Similar actions are needed in the Forest Service-managed Tahquitz Valley.

(More to be added later, including photographs and maps documenting the above.)

See also pages on the individual meadows:

• Skunk Cabbage Meadow
• A Quantitative Flora of Wellman Cienega

Analysis and Numerology of Taxa Found in the Tahquitz Valley Meadows

Note the following major caveat that applies to all the analysis in this section. The checklists for every one of these meadows are incomplete, due to insufficient surveys, and that there is considerable unevenness in the checklists for different meadows. Hence this analysis must be considered preliminary.

With that caveats in mind, Table 1 gives a summary of the number of taxa found in each Meadow.

Table 1. Preliminary Number of Taxa Found in Each Meadow

# Taxa	SCM	TQM	LTM	RM	WC
observed	97	98	51	79	79
vouchered, not observed	6	7	0	0	0
total	103	105	51	79	79

The column heading abbreviations are defined below.

The number of native taxa is expected to correlate with the size of the meadow and its elevation. The parameters for each meadow are given in Table 2, in descending order of meadow size, along with the total number of taxa known from each meadow. In Table 2, for a few meadows we have combined species and subspecies into a single taxon for two species where we expect only one is present.

Table 2. Area, Elevation and Perimeter Length for Tahquitz Valley Meadows

Meadow	Area (acres)	# Native Taxa	Perimeter (miles)	Elevation range (feet)	Elevation range (m)
Tahquitz	20.5	103	1.2	7840-8040	2390-2450
Skunk Cabbage	15.5	98	1.3	7900-7940	2410-2420
Wellman Cienega	10.5	79	0.7	8960-9420	2730-2870
Little Tahquitz	7.5	51	0.5	7960-8080	2425-2460
Reeds	2.4	79	0.3	7680-7720	2430-2355

Figure 1 plots the number of taxa vs. meadow area, both from just our surveys and with the inclusion of vouchered species that we have not observed. We also fit a power law to the data for Tahquitz Meadow, Skunk Cabbage Meadow, and Reeds Meadow, without vouchers, since that is a more uniform data set. We excluded Little Tahquitz Meadow from the fit since the plot shows that it is very depauperate for species. We excluded Wellman Cienega from the fit since it is roughly 1,000 feet higher in elevation, and a number of species are not found at such high elevation. The best-fit exponent for the area was a very low 0.09, reflecting the uniformity of habitat for those three meadows.

Figure 1. Number of Native Taxa in each Meadow vs. Area of Meadow

Figure 1 shows the expected trend for each meadow except for Little Tahquitz Meadow, whose flora is significantly more depauperate since that meadow has essentially been drained by incision of Tahquitz Creek through it. There is essentially no wet meadow remaining outside of the incised creek. One prominent example of a missing species is that Little Tahquitz Meadow is the only meadow that does not have any Veratrum californicum, a strong component of all the other wet meadows, and of boggy areas throughout the high elevations of San Jacinto Mountain. The former wet meadow of Little Tahquitz Meadow outside of the incised creek is now a very dry meadow dominated by Artemisia dracunculus. (We note that V. californicum is missing in most of the area of Tahquitz Meadow, too, reflecting the impact of grazing on it as well.)

The incision of Tahquitz Creek is historically recent (see Hamilton 1983, p. 102-104, for discussion of the impact caused by grazing, and further references). The boggy areas in Little Tahquitz Meadow are confined to the Creek channel, and its flora is now little different from other portions of Tahquitz Creek. The same process is occurring in Reeds Meadow, but it has retained more wet area due to high groundwater along the Candy's Creek area, which is coming in roughly perpendicular to Tahquitz Creek.

Reeds Meadow still retains evidence of the recent Tahquitz Creek incision, with two prominent terraces above the current level of the banks of Tahquitz Creek, some of which still retain root clumps of the formerly wide-spread large Carex senta plants. If not for the high groundwater delivered by the Candy's Creek drainage, and the Creek itself, Reeds Meadow would be as depauperate as Little Tahquitz Meadow.

Another rough idea of the completeness for each survey can be gleaned by considering the number of species found in only a single meadow out of these five; the number found in exactly two of the meadows; up to those found in all five meadows. The actual numbers are given in Table 3, and the numbers converted to percentages are plotted in Figure 2. We have excluded vouchers from these numbers, and combined the subspecies of Epilobium ciliatum, which are difficult to separate, so that the list of species in each meadow is comparable. In addition, it is not always certain from which meadow a species was vouchered.

Table 3. Number of Observed Native Species Found in N Total Meadows

# Total Meadows	SCM	TQM	LTM	RM	WC
1	10	5	0	3	12
2	9	16	5	8	12
3	22	25	5	18	14
4	22	21	12	21	12
5	29	29	29	29	29
total	92	96	51	79	79

The 29 species found in all five meadows can be easily found in the Checklist by scanning for species with entries in all five columns, and combining the subspecies of Epilobium ciliatum, which are difficult to separate.

Figure 2. Percent of Species vs. # of Meadows in which they occur

Once again, Little Tahquitz Meadow stands out as being different from the other four meadows. It is the only one with no species unique to it. Over half the species found in it are common ones that are found in the other four meadows. All other meadows have about one-third of their species being such common species.

It is also a bit surprising that Wellman Cienega, does not appear different in Figure 2 than Skunk Cabbage Meadow and Tahquitz Meadow, despite being at significantly higher elevation, over 1000 feet (300 m) higher.

Table 4 gives the breakdown for the number of species found in N total meadows, for the entire meadow checklist, considering just the 134 native species we've observed from any meadow. (The total checklist contains 151 taxa, the 134 native species we've observed; eight vouchered native species we haven't observed; seven non-native species; and the two other entries for Epilobum ciliatum).

Table 4. Number of Observed Native Species Found in N Total Meadows from All Meadows

# Total Meadows	# Species	% Species
1	30	22 %
2	25	19 %
3	28	21 %
4	22	16 %
5	29	22 %
total	134	100 %

This is a pretty even distribution, as expected since the habitat is much the same in all these meadows. (Compare to the usual declining power law with a strong peak at being found in just one location.)

Plant Checklist

The checklist gives the minimum number of plants observed in each meadow, or in their immediate vicinity, up to a maximum of 99 plants, with the following exceptions:

• We find it impossible to tell the two subspecies of Epilobium ciliatum apart, except by digging around the roots of each plant to look for evidence of turions. This is far too time-consuming and invasive to do for every plant observed.

  In all the meadows except Wellman Cienega and Tahquitz Meadow, we have observed turions on at least one plant, and hence have made the minimalist assumption that all the plants of the species are ssp. glandulosum. In Tahquitz Meadow, in addition to seeing some plants with turions, we observed one plant with no evidence of turions, which must then be ssp. ciliatum, which is also vouchered from there. We arbitrarily divided the 70 plants we saw of the species equally into the two subspecies, which might not be correct.

• In Tahquitz Meadow, one species, Montia chamissoi, did not have an abundance estimate made for it, and that column just contains an x to indicate that we observed that species there.

• Species that are vouchered from a meadow, but which we have not observed yet, have a V in their column, seven from Tahquitz Meadow and six from Skunk Cabbage Meadow.

The column heading abbreviations are:

FAM: The first three letters of the 1993 first edition Jepson Manual Family name. See Plant Family Abbreviations.

SCM: Skunk Cabbage Meadow

TQM: Tahquitz Meadow

WLM: Wellman Cienega (both portions)

RM: Reeds Meadow

LTM: Little Tahquitz Meadow

An asterisk before the common name indicates a non-native taxon.

Notes on some non-observed vouchered species:

• Allophyllum gilioides ssp. violaceum. The two vouchers by Hall and by Jaeger may or may not have been from one of the meadows, and may or may not be correctly determined.

• Notes on Some Vouchered Species in Skunk Cabbage Meadow.

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#	FAM	Scientific Name	(*)Common Name	# Plants
				TQM	SCM	LTM	RM	WLM
1	DEN	Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens	bracken	99	99	5	99	99
2	DRY	Cystopteris fragilis	brittle bladder fern	10	5	10
3	PIN	Abies concolor	white fir	99	99	99	99	1
4	PIN	Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana	lodgepole pine	1	1		1	99
5	PIN	Pinus jeffreyi	Jeffrey pine	99	99	50	99	3
6	PIN	Pinus lambertiana	sugar pine	1		2
7	API	Osmorhiza chilensis	mountain sweet-cicely				1
8	API	Oxypolis occidentalis	western cow-bane					99
9	API	Perideridia parishii	Parish's yampah	60	99			99
10	API	Sphenosciadium capitellatum	ranger's buttons	50	10	99	5	10
11	AST	Achillea millefolium	yarrow	99	99	99	99	99
12	AST	Agoseris retrorsa	spear-leaved mountain dandelion		1
13	AST	Antennaria rosea	rosy everlasting, pussytoes	11			10
14	AST	Artemisia dracunculus	wild tarragon	99	99	99	99
15	AST	Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. incompta	mountain mugwort	45	50	50	10
16	AST	Aster alpigenus var. andersonii	Anderson's oreastrum-aster	10	99			99
17	AST	Aster occidentalis var. occidentalis	western mountain aster	30	99		99
18	AST	Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. bernardinus	San Bernardino rubber rabbitbrush	20		12		5
19	AST	Cirsium scariosum	elk thistle		3
20	AST	Gnaphalium palustre	western marsh cudweed		50
21	AST	Helenium bigelovii	Bigelow's sneezeweed		V			20
22	AST	Solidago californica	goldenrod	99	99		80	20
23	AST	Taraxacum officinale	*common dandelion		1
24	AST	Tragopogon dubius	*yellow salsify		1
25	BRA	Erysimum capitatum ssp. capitatum	western wallflower	20	15	14	50
26	CAP	Sambucus mexicana	blue elderberry	1
27	CAP	Symphoricarpos rotundifolius var. parishii	Parish's snowberry	99	10	99	50	20
28	CAR	Sagina saginoides	pearlwort	10			80	10
29	CAR	Silene verecunda ssp. platyota	white catch-fly	6	7			10
30	CAR	Stellaria calycantha	northern starwort	50	15
31	CHE	Chenopodium atrovirens	forest goosefoot	V	1	3	5	50
32	CHE	Chenopodium fremontii	Fremont's goosefoot		1			10
33	ERI	Arctostaphylos patula	green-leaf manzanita	1				2
34	ERI	Pterospora andromedea	pinedrops	1			1
35	ERI	Pyrola picta	white-veined wintergreen		11
36	ERI	Rhododendron occidentale	western azalea	3				2
37	ERI	Sarcodes sanguinea	snow-plant		5
38	FAB	Lotus nevadensis var. nevadensis	Sierra Nevada lotus	1	3		1	3
39	FAB	Lotus oblongifolius var. oblongifolius	streambank lotus	5	99		30
40	FAB	Lupinus hyacinthinus	San Jacinto lupine	30	99	99	30
41	FAB	Lupinus latifolius var. parishii	Parish's lupine					3
42	FAB	Lupinus polyphyllus var. burkei	bigleaf lupine	10	70		45
43	FAB	Trifolium longipes var. nevadense	mountain clover	V	20
44	FAB	Trifolium microcephalum	small-head field clover		20
45	FAB	Trifolium monanthum var. grantianum	mountain carpet clover	99	99	99	99	99
46	FAB	Trifolium wormskioldii	cows clover	30	25
47	FAG	Chrysolepis sempervirens	bush chinquapin			10		99
48	FAG	Quercus chrysolepis	canyon live oak	1
49	GER	Geranium californicum	California geranium	5	50	50	10	99
50	GRO	Ribes cereum var. cereum	wax currant	10	3	20	20	10
51	GRO	Ribes roezlii var. roezlii	Sierra gooseberry	1				40
52	HYD	Phacelia mutabilis	changeable phacelia	99	50	99	99	50
53	HYP	Hypericum anagalloides	tinker's penny	99	99	99	99	99
54	LAM	Monardella australis	southern mountain-monardella	V				50
55	LAM	Stachys ajugoides var. rigida	rigid hedge-nettle		99		99	20
56	ONA	Epilobium canum ssp. latifolium	mountain California-fuchsia					30
57	ONA	Epilobium ciliatum	willowherb					30
58	ONA	Epilobium ciliatum ssp. ciliatum	willowherb	35
59	ONA	Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum	glandular willowherb	35	99	70	99
60	ONA	Epilobium densiflorum	spike primrose		V
61	ONA	Epilobium glaberrimum ssp. glaberrimum	glaucus willowherb				7	20
62	ONA	Epilobium oregonense	slimstem willowweed	5	99			2
63	ONA	Gayophytum diffusum ssp. parviflorum	groundsmoke	80	99		99	99
64	ONA	Gayophytum oligospermum	pinegrove groundsmoke	99	20	99	99
65	POL	Allophyllum divaricatum	purple false-gilia	99	1		20	5
66	POL	Allophyllum gilioides ssp. violaceum	dense false-gilia	V
67	POL	Gilia splendens ssp. splendens	splendid gilia	50
68	POL	Eriogonum apiculatum	San Jacinto buckwheat	50		99
69	POL	Eriogonum nudum var. pauciflorum	naked buckwheat	10	10		5
70	POL	Polygonum bistortoides	western bistort	5	50		10
71	POL	Polygonum douglasii ssp. douglasii	Douglas' knotweed	20	99	99	99
72	POL	Rumex acetosella	*common sheep sorrel				99
73	POL	Rumex salicifolius var. salicifolius	willow-leaved dock					99
74	POR	Calyptridium monospermum	pussy paws	99		99	99
75	POR	Montia chamissoi	toad lily	x	99
76	PRI	Dodecatheon alpinum	alpine shooting star	85	99		50	99
77	RAN	Aquilegia formosa	western columbine	10		50	20
78	RAN	Ranunculus alismifolius var. alismellus	slender buttercup		V
79	RAN	Thalictrum fendleri var. fendleri	Fendler's meadow-rue				5	20
80	RHA	Ceanothus cordulatus	mountain whitethorn	3	10			1
81	ROS	Holodiscus microphyllus var. microphyllus	mountain spray					15
82	ROS	Horkelia clevelandii	Cleveland's horkelia	30	60	99		99
83	ROS	Potentilla glandulosa ssp. nevadensis	Nevada cinquefoil	99	50	70	99	50
84	ROS	Potentilla glandulosa ssp. reflexa	sticky cinquefoil	V
85	ROS	Potentilla gracilis var. fastigiata	slender cinquefoil	10	70		15
86	ROS	Prunus emarginata	bitter cherry	99			99	15
87	SAL	Salix lemmonii	Lemmon's willow		10
88	SAL	Salix lutea	yellow willow	30			20
89	SAL	Salix scouleriana	Scouler's willow	30	10	1	1
90	SCR	Castilleja applegatei ssp. martinii	Martin's paintbrush					3
91	SCR	Castilleja miniata ssp. miniata	giant red paintbrush	1	15			20
92	SCR	Keckiella rothrockii var. jacintensis	San Jacinto Mts. keckiella	50	99
93	SCR	Mimulus breweri	Brewer's monkeyflower		99			2
94	SCR	Mimulus cardinalis	scarlet monkeyflower					3
95	SCR	Mimulus floribundus	floriferous monkeyflower					5
96	SCR	Mimulus moschatus	musk monkeyflower	99	99		50	99
97	SCR	Mimulus primuloides ssp. primuloides	primrose monkeyflower	80	99	99	99	99
98	SCR	Mimulus suksdorfii	Suksdorf's monkeyflower					1
99	SCR	Mimulus tilingii	larger mountain monkeyflower	40	99	99	99	99
100	SCR	Pedicularis semibarbata	pine lousewort	3	1
101	SCR	Penstemon grinnellii var. grinnellii	Grinnell's beardtongue		V
102	SCR	Penstemon labrosus	San Gabriel beardtongue	5		99
103	SCR	Penstemon rostriflorus	beaked penstemon	5
104	SCR	Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. humifusa	thyme-leaved speedwell	99	20	99	99	10
105	URT	Urtica dioica ssp. holosericea	stinging nettle					20
106	VIO	Viola macloskeyi	small white violet		99	30	99
107	CYP	Carex abrupta	abrupt-beak sedge	99	99		99	20
108	CYP	Carex fracta	fragile sheath sedge	99	30	5	20	99
109	CYP	Carex heteroneura var. heteroneura	vari-nerved sedge	30	99	10	50	30
110	CYP	Carex hoodii	Hood's sedge				55
111	CYP	Carex nebrascensis	Nebraska sedge	80				99
112	CYP	Carex rossii	Ross' sedge		5		5
113	CYP	Carex senta	swamp sedge	99	99	99	99	99
114	CYP	Carex subfusca	brown sedge	5	30	5	99
115	CYP	Eleocharis acicularis var. acicularis	needle spikerush		10
116	IRI	Sisyrinchium bellum	blue-eyed grass	10	1			99
117	JUN	Juncus duranii	Duran's rush			2		1
118	JUN	Juncus effusus var. pacificus	Pacific rush		4
119	JUN	Juncus longistylis	long-styled rush				20	50
120	JUN	Juncus macrandrus	long-anthered rush	99	99	99	99	99
121	JUN	Juncus mexicanus	Mexican rush	99	99		99
122	JUN	Luzula comosa	hairy wood rush	99	20	99	99	99
123	LIL	Calochortus invenustus	plain mariposa lily	99			30	1
124	LIL	Lilium parryi	lemon lily	2	16	13	24	6
125	LIL	Narcissus hybrid	*garden trumpet daffodil		10
126	LIL	Smilacina stellata	little false-solomon's-seal	55	56		15	4
127	LIL	Veratrum californicum var. californicum	California corn lily	70	99		99	99
128	ORC	Corallorhiza maculata	spotted coralroot	1	1		2
129	ORC	Malaxis monophyllos ssp. brachypoda	adder's-mouth		V
130	ORC	Platanthera leucostachys	white bog orchid		3		9	50
131	ORC	Spiranthes romanzoffiana	hooded ladies-tresses		V
132	POA	Achnatherum occidentale ssp. occidentale	western needlegrass				1
133	POA	Agrostis exarata	spike bentgrass	2			5
134	POA	Agrostis idahoensis	Idaho bentgrass	99	99	99	99	99
135	POA	Agrostis scabra	rough bentgrass	50	99	15	5
136	POA	Bromus carinatus var. carinatus	California brome	20	20	20	99	50
137	POA	Bromus ciliatus	fringed brome	1	10		15
138	POA	Bromus orcuttianus	Orcutt's brome	V
139	POA	Dactylis glomerata	*orchard-grass		3
140	POA	Deschampsia elongata	slender hairgrass	99	99	99	99	50
141	POA	Digitaria sanguinalis	*crabgrass	V
142	POA	Elymus elymoides	squirreltail	20	5		40
143	POA	Elymus glaucus ssp. glaucus	blue wildrye	99	99	99	99	50
144	POA	Elymus trachycaulus	slender wheatgrass	99	99	99	99	20
145	POA	Elytrigia intermedia ssp. intermedia	*intermediate wheatgrass	99	99
146	POA	Glyceria elata	tall mannagrass	99	99	20	99
147	POA	Muhlenbergia andina	foxtail muhly		2			30
148	POA	Muhlenbergia filiformis	pullup muhly	99
149	POA	Muhlenbergia richardsonis	mat muhly	50	99	30	99	99
150	POA	Phleum alpinum	mountain timothy	20	3			30
151	POA	Poa pratensis ssp. agassizensis	Kentucky blue grass	99	99	99	99	50

References

Hamilton, Michael P. 1983. A floristic basis for the management of rare plants and their communities in the San Jacinto Mountains, California. Dissertation Thesis. Cornell University. 189 pp.

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Voucher data provided by the participants of the Consortium of California Herbaria (ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/).

Go to:

• Skunk Cabbage Meadow
• A Quantitative Flora of Wellman Cienega
• Plants of Southern California: Regional Floras